Posted by NCBRC - November 28th, 2022
In a succinct opinion, the Ninth Circuit reaffirmed its 2004 decision that Congress abrogated tribal sovereign immunity with respect to the automatic stay. Numa Corp. v. Diven, No. 22-15298 (9th Cir. Nov. 14, 2022) (unpublished).
NCBRC and NACBA filed an amici brief in support of the debtor in this case. Read More
Posted by NCBRC - March 30th, 2022
The IRS had no reasonable basis for challenging the bankruptcy court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction, where it consented to jurisdiction when it filed a claim in the debtor’s chapter 7 bankruptcy, and the debtor notified it of his objection to the claim using the address the IRS provided. For that reason, the debtor was entitled to recover fees and costs associated with litigation of the IRS’s claim. Nicolaus v. United States of America, No. 21-3010 (N.D. Iowa March 8, 2022). Read More
Posted by NCBRC - February 16th, 2021
Payday lenders belonging to a Native American Tribe enjoy sovereign immunity from suit under section 362 for violation of the automatic stay. In re Coughlin, No. 19-14142 (Bankr. D. Mass. Oct. 19, 2020).
The chapter 13 debtor filed a motion seeking a finding that a group of payday lenders violated the automatic stay when they continued to dun him for payments after he filed his bankruptcy petition. The creditors, all members of a Native American Tribe, moved to dismiss the complaint, arguing that they were entitled to sovereign immunity for their conduct. Read More
Posted by NCBRC - October 25th, 2019
An action to strip off a wholly unsecured State tax lien is an in rem proceeding that does not implicate the State’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. Commonwealth of Pa. v. Berger, No. 19-417 (W.D. Pa. Oct. 21, 2019).
The debtors entered chapter 13 bankruptcy with outstanding State tax liens on their real property. Because the property was subject to mortgage liens amounting to more than its value, the debtors filed an adversary proceeding seeking to strip off the State’s tax lien as wholly unsecured. The bankruptcy court rejected the State’s Eleventh Amendment argument and denied its motion to dismiss. The State immediately appealed the denial to the district court as authorized by Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 147 (1993). Read More
Posted by NCBRC - September 28th, 2018
A debtor’s right to an exemption for a tax refund overrides the IRS’s right to set-off of that refund to pay tax liabilities. United States of Amer. v. Copley, No. 16-207 (E.D. Va. Sept. 10, 2018).
In their chapter 7 bankruptcy, Matthew and Jolinda Copley listed tax liabilities for the years 2008, 2009, and 2010, as priority claims held by the IRS. They also sought to exempt their 2013 tax refund of $3,208.00. But the IRS withheld the refund as set-off against a portion of the tax debts. The bankruptcy court ordered the IRS to turn over the refund to the debtors. Read More
Posted by NCBRC - September 6th, 2018
“Sovereign immunity does not preclude an award of emotional distress damages against the United States for willful violation of the Bankruptcy Code’s automatic stay.” Hunsaker v. U.S.A., No. 16-35991 (9th Cir. Aug. 30, 2018).
After Jonathan and Cheryl Hunsaker filed for chapter 13 bankruptcy the IRS continued to send them collection notices. The bankruptcy court found the IRS’s conduct was a willful violation of the automatic stay under section 362(k) and awarded damages for emotional distress. The district court reversed on the grounds that Congress did not waive sovereign immunity for emotional distress damages.
The Hunsakers appealed and NACBA/NCBRC filed an amicus brief in support of reversal. Read More
Posted by NCBRC - July 3rd, 2018
A debtor seeking recovery of damages, fees, or costs from the IRS in connection with a discharge injunction violation must first exhaust administrative remedies as required by the Internal Revenue Code. In re Thal, No. 09-12434, In re Slattery, No. 11-20554, 2018 Bankr. LEXIS 1308 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. May 8, 2018).
The chapter 13 debtors, Lucy Thal and Robert Slattery, filed plans in their separate bankruptcy cases under which they paid priority IRS tax debts in full and treated their remaining tax liability as general unsecured debt. Both debtors completed their plans and obtained discharges. Nonetheless, after discharge, the IRS sent both debtors levy notices. It also intercepted a portion of Ms. Thal’s social security benefits, which it later returned, and Mr. Slattery’s tax refunds, which it did not return. In both cases, the debtors filed motions for contempt for violation of the discharge injunction. Read More
Posted by NCBRC - April 13th, 2017
Application of section 505(a)(2)(B), which carves out an exception to the government’s abrogation of sovereign immunity in tax refund claims, involved issues of both fact and law, and therefore, the district court remanded this appeal to the bankruptcy court for determination of whether it had subject matter jurisdiction over the debtors’ claim for turnover of their tax refund. United States v. Copley, No. 3:16-cv-207 (E.D. Va. March 31, 2017).
Chapter 7 debtors, Matthew and Jolinda Copley, listed the United States as a creditor for a tax debt of over $13,000 from 2008, 2009, and 2010. They also listed a 2013 tax refund in the amount of over $3,000 which they sought to exempt under Virginia’s homestead exemption statute. Post-petition, the IRS notified the Copleys that it had withheld their 2013 tax refund as set off against the tax debt. The Copleys sought turnover of the refund and both parties moved for summary judgment. The bankruptcy court granted judgment in favor of the Copleys, relying on sections 522 and 542(a) and case law establishing that, unless the IRS acts to offset the tax debt prior to bankruptcy, the refund becomes part of the bankruptcy estate. Read More
Posted by NCBRC - November 8th, 2016
Sovereign immunity precludes a damages award for emotional distress based on the IRS’s violation of the automatic stay. Hunsaker v. United States, No. 16-386 (D. Or. Oct. 20, 2016). The district court reversed the bankruptcy court’s damage award (blogged here), finding that sovereign immunity can be waived only by “unequivocal, clear statutory language. F.A.A. v. Cooper, 132 S. Ct. 1441, 1448 (2012).” Read More
Posted by NCBRC - February 16th, 2016
Sovereign Immunity does not preclude emotional distress damages for violation of the automatic stay by the IRS. Hunsaker v. United States (In re Hunsaker), 2016 Bankr. LEXIS 134, No. 12-64782, Adv. Proc. 14-6218 (Bankr. D. Or. January 13, 2015). Read More
NCBRC needs your support to protect the rights of consumer bankruptcy debtors. The most effective way to support NCBRC is with a direct donation.
There are many other ways to give to NRBRC:
iGive.com: When you purchase items at over 1,400 online stores, a percentage of your purchase will be donated to NCBRC. Stores include Macy’s, Melissa and Doug, Bed Bath & Beyond, Nike, Petsmart, and more. Shop and Give today!
Thank you to the following organizations without whose support our work would not be possible.
American College of Bankruptcy
The American College of Bankruptcy is an honorary public service association of bankruptcy and insolvency professionals who are invited to join as Fellows based on a proven record of the highest standards of professionalism plus service to the profession and their communities. Together with its affiliated Foundation, the College is the largest financial supporter of bankruptcy and insolvency-related pro bono legal service programs in the United States.
NACBA
The only national organization dedicated to serving the needs of consumer bankruptcy attorneys and protecting the rights of consumer debtors in bankruptcy. Formed in 1992, NACBA has more than 3,000 members located in all 50 states and Puerto Rico.
